BUSINESS AND COMMERCE CODE
TITLE 5. REGULATION OF BUSINESSES AND SERVICES
SUBTITLE C. BUSINESS OPERATIONS
Chapter 121, consisting of Secs. 121.001 to 121.104, was added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1.
For another Chapter 121, consisting of Secs. 121.001 to 121.102, added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 200 (S.B. 2420), Sec. 1, see Sec. 121.001 et seq., post.
For another Chapter 121, consisting of Secs. 121.001 to 121.006, added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 497 (S.B. 1383), Sec. 1, see Sec. 121.001 et seq., post.
For another Chapter 121, consisting of Secs. 121.001 to 121.002, added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1089 (H.B. 3966), Sec. 1, see Sec. 121.001 et seq., post.
CHAPTER 121. DIAGNOSIS, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OF CERTAIN DIGITAL ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
SUBCHAPTER A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.001. DEFINITIONS. In this chapter:
(1) "Authorized repair provider" means an individual or business entity who has an arrangement with the original equipment manufacturer for a definite or indefinite period under which the original equipment manufacturer grants to the individual or business entity:
(A) a license to use a trade name, service mark, or other proprietary identifier for the purpose of offering diagnosis, maintenance, or repair services for digital electronic equipment under the name of the original equipment manufacturer; or
(B) other authority to offer diagnosis, maintenance, or repair services for digital electronic equipment on behalf of the original equipment manufacturer.
(2) "Autocycle" has the meaning assigned by Section 501.008, Transportation Code.
(3) "Consumer" means an individual who enters into a transaction primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.
(4) "Diagnosis" means the process of identifying the issue or issues that cause digital electronic equipment to not be in full working order.
(5) "Digital electronic equipment" or "equipment" means any product that depends, wholly or partly, on digital electronics embedded in or attached to the product to function.
(6) "Documentation" means any manual, diagram, reporting output, service code description, or other guidance or information provided or made available by the original equipment manufacturer to an authorized repair provider for the purpose of diagnosing, maintaining, or repairing digital electronic equipment manufactured or sold by the original equipment manufacturer.
(7) "Fair and reasonable terms" means:
(A) with respect to an original equipment manufacturer making available a tool, making the tool available:
(i) without conditioning that availability on the recipient being an authorized repair provider;
(ii) at no cost to use or operate the tool or at a cost that is equivalent to the lowest actual cost at which the original equipment manufacturer offers the tool to an authorized repair provider, taking into account any discounts, rebates, or other financial incentives offered by the original equipment manufacturer to the authorized repair provider; and
(iii) if the tool is requested in physical form, for a charge equal to the actual cost of procuring, preparing, and sending the tool;
(B) with respect to an original equipment manufacturer making available a replacement part, making the part available either directly or through an authorized distributor or repair provider, subject to Section 121.052(7)(B):
(i) without conditioning that availability on the recipient being an authorized repair provider; and
(ii) at costs and terms that are equivalent to the costs and terms under which the part is offered to an authorized repair provider;
(C) with respect to an original equipment manufacturer making available documentation, including any relevant updates to the documentation, making the documentation available:
(i) without conditioning that availability on the recipient being an authorized repair provider; and
(ii) at no cost, except that an original equipment manufacturer may charge the reasonable actual cost of preparing and sending a copy of the documentation when the documentation is requested in physical printed form; and
(D) with respect to documentation, replacement parts, or tools, terms that are fair to all parties, including the original equipment manufacturer and authorized repair providers.
(8) "Heavy equipment" means utility and construction equipment, including forestry equipment, industrial equipment, road-building equipment, mining equipment, bulldozers, motor graders, backhoes, skid steers, track loaders, and excavators.
(9) "Independent repair provider" means an individual or business entity operating in this state that:
(A) with respect to an original equipment manufacturer:
(i) is not an authorized repair provider; and
(ii) is not affiliated with an individual or business entity that is an authorized repair provider; and
(B) is engaged in the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of digital electronic equipment.
(10) "Maintenance" means any act necessary to keep currently working digital electronic equipment in full working order.
(11) "Medical device" means a device, as defined by 21 U.S.C. Section 321(h)(1), intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in humans or other animals.
(12) "Modification" or "modify" means any alteration to digital electronic equipment that is not maintenance and not a repair.
(13) "Moped" has the meaning assigned by Section 541.201, Transportation Code.
(14) "Motorboat" has the meaning assigned by Section 31.003, Parks and Wildlife Code.
(15) "Motorcycle" has the meaning assigned by Section 541.201, Transportation Code.
(16) "Motor vehicle" means a vehicle that is designed for transporting individuals or property on a street or highway and is certified by the manufacturer under all applicable motor vehicle federal safety and emissions standards and requirements for distribution and sale in the United States.
(17) "Motor vehicle manufacturer" means a business engaged in the manufacturing or assembling of motor vehicles.
(18) "Off-highway vehicle" has the meaning assigned by Section 551A.001, Transportation Code.
(19) "Open-enrollment charter school" means a school that has been granted a charter under Subchapter D, Chapter 12, Education Code.
(20) "Original equipment manufacturer" means a person that, in the normal course of business, is engaged in the business of selling, leasing, or otherwise supplying new digital electronic equipment manufactured by or on behalf of the person.
(21) "Outboard motor" has the meaning assigned by Section 31.003, Parks and Wildlife Code.
(22) "Owner" means an individual or business entity that owns digital electronic equipment.
(23) "Personal watercraft" has the meaning assigned by Section 31.003, Parks and Wildlife Code.
(24) "Powersports vehicle" means:
(A) an autocycle;
(B) a motorcycle;
(C) a moped;
(D) a motorboat, including a personal watercraft; or
(E) an off-highway vehicle.
(25) "Repair" means any act necessary to restore digital electronic equipment or equipment to full working order. The term does not include post-sale modifications that alter the originally intended functioning of the digital electronic equipment.
(26) "Replacement part" means a new or used replacement part made available by the original equipment manufacturer for the purpose of maintenance or repair of digital electronic equipment manufactured, sold, or supplied by the original equipment manufacturer. The term does not include printed circuit board assemblies that allow device cloning in violation of 18 U.S.C. Section 1029 or other applicable law.
(27) "School district" means any public school district in this state.
(28) "Tool" means any software program, hardware implement, or other apparatus used for the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of digital electronic equipment, including software or another mechanism that:
(A) provides, programs, or pairs a part;
(B) calibrates functionality; or
(C) performs any other function required to restore the equipment to full working order.
(29) "Trade secret" means anything tangible or intangible or electronically stored or kept that constitutes, represents, evidences, or records intellectual property, including secret or confidentially held designs, processes, procedures, formulas, inventions, or improvements, or secret or confidentially held scientific, technical, merchandising, production, financial, business, or management information, or that falls within the meaning of a trade secret given in 18 U.S.C. Section 1839.
(30) "Video game console" means a computing device, including the device's components and peripherals, that is primarily used by a consumer to play video games, including a console machine, a handheld console device, or another device or system. The term does not include a general or all-purpose computer, including a desktop computer, laptop, tablet, or mobile phone.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.002. APPLICABILITY OF CHAPTER. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), this chapter applies only to digital electronic equipment:
(1) sold to a consumer in this state; and
(2) that has a wholesale price of at least $50.
(b) This chapter does not apply to:
(1) information technology equipment that is intended for use in critical infrastructure as defined by 42 U.S.C. Section 5195c(e);
(2) a motor vehicle manufacturer who complies with a memorandum of understanding or any other industry-recognized agreement relating to the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of digital electronic equipment;
(3) a powersports vehicle or outboard motor;
(4) a medical device or product:
(A) found in a medical setting, including diagnostic, monitoring, or control equipment; or
(B) offered for purchase or prescribed by a health care provider;
(5) a manufacturer of farm equipment who complies with a memorandum of understanding or any other industry-recognized agreement relating to the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of digital electronic equipment;
(6) aerospace, airplane, or train equipment;
(7) heavy equipment;
(8) commercial and industrial electrical equipment, including power distribution equipment, such as telecommunications network infrastructure, commercial visual display equipment, medium/low voltage switchgear and transformers, power control equipment, such as medium/low voltage motor control and drives, power quality equipment, such as uninterruptible power supplies, remote power panels, power distribution units and static/transfer switches, and any tools, technology, attachments, accessories, components, and repair parts for any of the equipment described by this subdivision;
(9) a home appliance that has digital electronic equipment embedded within it, including refrigerators, ovens, microwaves, air conditioning units, and heating units, excluding other countertop or stand-alone small appliances;
(10) safety communications equipment, the intended use of which is for emergency response or prevention purposes by an emergency service organization, such as a police, fire, or medical and emergency rescue services agency;
(11) fire alarm systems, intrusion detection equipment that is provided with a security monitoring service, life safety systems, and physical access control equipment, including electronic keypads and similar building access control electronics;
(12) a video game console; or
(13) an original equipment manufacturer that provides an equivalent or better, readily available replacement part at no charge to and only at the discretion of the consumer.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.003. WAIVER OF CHAPTER VOID AND UNENFORCEABLE. A provision in a contract, including an agreement between an authorized repair provider and original equipment manufacturer, that purports to waive, avoid, restrict, or limit the original equipment manufacturer's obligation to comply with this chapter is void and unenforceable.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.
SUBCHAPTER B. ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER REQUIREMENTS
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.051. ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER REQUIREMENTS. (a) For digital electronic equipment, including parts for that equipment sold or used in this state, the original equipment manufacturer of the equipment or part shall, not later than one year after the date of the first sale of the digital electronic equipment in this state, make available on fair and reasonable terms to any independent repair provider or to an owner of digital electronic equipment manufactured by or on behalf of, sold by, or supplied by the original equipment manufacturer documentation, replacement parts, and tools, or their equivalents, that are required for the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of the digital electronic equipment.
(b) The documentation, replacement parts, and tools described by Subsection (a) may be made available:
(1) directly by an original equipment manufacturer or through an authorized repair provider or a third-party provider; or
(2) by an authorized repair provider to any independent repair provider or owner, provided that the authorized repair provider is contractually and practically permitted by the original equipment manufacturer to sell the documentation, parts, or tools to an independent repair provider or owner.
(c) Subsection (b) may not be construed to require a third-party provider, including an authorized repair provider, to make available documentation, replacement parts, or tools independent of an original equipment manufacturer.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.052. CONSTRUCTION OF SUBCHAPTER. Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, nothing in this subchapter:
(1) requires an original equipment manufacturer to provide or make available documentation, a replacement part, or a tool to a repair provider or owner, if:
(A) the documentation, part, or tool is not, or is no longer, provided by the original equipment manufacturer or made available to authorized repair providers of the original equipment manufacturer, including where the original equipment manufacturer performs related repairs solely in-house or through a corporate affiliate;
(B) the documentation, part, or tool is no longer available to the original equipment manufacturer; or
(C) the documentation or tool is used by the original manufacturer only to perform, at no cost, diagnostic services virtually through telephone, Internet, chat, e-mail, or other similar means that do not involve the manufacturer physically handling the consumer's equipment, unless the manufacturer also makes the documentation or tool available to an individual or business that is unaffiliated with the manufacturer;
(2) requires an original equipment manufacturer to divulge any trade secret to any independent repair provider or owner, except as necessary for the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of digital electronic equipment in accordance with this chapter;
(3) requires an original equipment manufacturer or an authorized repair provider to provide an independent repair provider or owner any information other than documentation that is provided by the original equipment manufacturer to an authorized repair provider;
(4) requires an original equipment manufacturer or authorized repair provider to make available any documentation, part, or tool for the purposes of modifying digital electronic equipment;
(5) requires any original equipment manufacturer or authorized repair provider to make available any documentation, part, or tool in a manner that is inconsistent with or in violation of any state or federal law;
(6) requires an original equipment manufacturer to make available any documentation, part, or tool to an independent repair provider or owner that would disable, reset, or override electronic security locks or other security-related measures or functions, or disable or override anti-theft security measures set by the owner of the digital electronic equipment;
(7) prevents an original equipment manufacturer from:
(A) requiring remote authorization or an Internet connection before an independent repair provider or owner may use a part or tool; or
(B) providing parts, such as integrated batteries, to an independent repair provider or owner preassembled with other parts rather than as individual components, provided that those preassembled parts or their equivalents are also available to an authorized repair provider or owner; or
(8) requires an original equipment manufacturer to:
(A) provide documentation, a part, or a tool for a product where reconditioning or repair of the product is prohibited by a law or regulation;
(B) provide or make available source code;
(C) make available a special document, a part, or a tool that would disable or override an anti-theft security measure set by the owner of the digital electronic equipment without the owner's authorization;
(D) provide documentation, a part, or a tool for repair of digital electronic equipment that is critical to the safety of life or health of individuals, or for repairs that could threaten the safety of life or health of individuals, provided that the original equipment manufacturer provides to the consumer or another entity responsible for the enforcement of this chapter, as applicable, physical evidence of the threat alleged under this paragraph; or
(E) provide documentation or a tool used exclusively by the original equipment manufacturer for diagnosis, maintenance, or repairs completed by machines that operate on several digital electronic equipment products simultaneously or otherwise for purposes of large scale efficiency, provided the original equipment manufacturer makes available to an independent repair provider or owner sufficient alternative documentation or a tool to effect the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of the digital electronic equipment.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.053. ALTERNATIVE RELIEF FOR ORIGINAL PURCHASERS. Instead of making documentation, replacement parts, or tools available under this subchapter, the original equipment manufacturer may provide an owner who is the original purchaser:
(1) a reimbursement in the amount of the purchase price the purchaser paid for the digital electronic equipment; or
(2) an equivalent or better, readily available replacement for the digital electronic equipment at a price that has a value that is equal to or less than the total cost of the sum of the replacement parts and provided at the discretion of the consumer.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.054. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. (a) An original equipment manufacturer or authorized repair provider is not liable for any damage or injury to any digital electronic equipment, individual, or property that occurs as a result of the repair, diagnosis, maintenance, or modification performed by an independent repair provider or owner, or any other use of documentation, replacement parts, or tools made available by an original equipment manufacturer, including:
(1) indirect, incidental, special, or consequential damages;
(2) loss of data, privacy, or profits; or
(3) inability to use or reduced functionality of the digital electronic equipment.
(b) An original equipment manufacturer is not liable under this chapter for any act that is reasonably necessary to protect user privacy, security, or digital safety.
(c) An original equipment manufacturer is not liable for improper use of personal data or any data privacy or security breach in connection with the repair, diagnosis, maintenance, or modification performed by an independent repair provider or owner.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.
SUBCHAPTER C. ENFORCEMENT
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.101. NOTICE OF VIOLATION; OPPORTUNITY TO CURE. (a) The attorney general has exclusive authority to enforce this chapter.
(b) Before bringing an action under Section 121.102 or 121.103, the attorney general shall notify a person in writing at least 30 days before the date the attorney general brings the action. The notice must identify the specific provisions of this chapter that the attorney general alleges have been or are being violated.
(c) The attorney general may not bring an action against a person if:
(1) within the 30-day period described by Subsection (b), the person cures the violation; and
(2) the person provides the attorney general a written statement that:
(A) the person cured the alleged violation; and
(B) it is the person's intent that no further violations of this chapter will occur.
(d) Written notice by the attorney general shall be delivered by:
(1) certified mail, return receipt requested; or
(2) first-class mail with proof of delivery.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.102. DECEPTIVE TRADE PRACTICE. A violation of this chapter following the cure period described by Section 121.101 is a deceptive trade practice in addition to the practices described by Subchapter E, Chapter 17, and is actionable under that subchapter.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.103. INJUNCTION. (a) The attorney general may bring an action in the name of the state following the cure period described by Section 121.101 to restrain or enjoin a person from violating this chapter.
(b) The attorney general may recover reasonable attorney's fees and other reasonable expenses incurred in investigating and bringing an action under this section.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.
Text of section effective on September 01, 2026
Sec. 121.104. NO PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION. This chapter may not be construed to create, provide a basis for, or be subject to a private right of action for a violation of this chapter or any other law.
Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 943 (H.B. 2963), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2026.